Noorman, S., Fahrenfort, J. J., Heilbron, M., Sergent, C., Zantvoord, J. B., van Gaal, S., & Stein, T. (2026). Effects of expectation, attention, and NMDA receptor blockade on feedforward and feedback processing. The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, 46(12), Article e0674252026. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0674-25.2026
Nuiten, S. A., De Gee, J. W., Zantvoord, J. B., Sterzer, P., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2026). Phasic and tonic arousal distinctly shape human decision bias. Communications biology, 9, Article 553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-026-09776-8[details]
Beerendonk, L., Mejías, J. F., Nuiten, S. A., de Gee, J. W., Zantvoord, J. B., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2025). Adaptive arousal regulation: Pharmacologically shifting the peak of the Yerkes-Dodson curve by catecholaminergic enhancement of arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 122(28), Article e2419733122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2419733122[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., Johnson, P. A., Kloosterman, N. A., Stein, T., & van Gaal, S. (2025). Criterion placement threatens the construct validity of neural measures of consciousness. eLife, 13, Article RP102335. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.102335[details]
Noorman, S., Stein, T., Zantvoord, J., Fahrenfort, J., & van Gaal, S. (2025). A causal role of the NMDA receptor in recurrent processing during perceptual integration. eLife, 13, Article RP100530. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.100530[details]
Sánchez-Fuenzalida, N., van Gaal, S., Fleming, S. M., Haaf, J. M., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2025). Confidence reports during perceptual decision making dissociate from changes in subjective experience. Communications psychology, 3, Article 81. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00257-y[details]
Beerendonk, L., Mejías, J. F., Nuiten, S. A., de Gee, J. W., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2024). A disinhibitory circuit mechanism explains a general principle of peak performance during mid-level arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 121(5), Article e2312898121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2312898121[details]
Nuiten, S. A., de Gee, J. W., Zantvoord, J. B., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2024). Pharmacological Elevation of Catecholamine Levels Improves Perceptual Decisions, But Not Metacognitive Insight. eNeuro, 11(7), Article ENEURO.0019-24.2024. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0019-24.2024[details]
Stein, T., van Gaal, S., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2024). How (not) to demonstrate unconscious priming: Overcoming issues with post-hoc data selection, low power, and frequentist statistics. Consciousness and Cognition, 119, Article 103669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2024.103669[details]
Tortajada, M., Fahrenfort, J. J., Sandoval-Lentisco, A., Martínez-Pérez, V., Palmero, L. B., Castillo, A., Fuentes, L. J., Campoy, G., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2024). Decoding load or selection in visuospatial working memory? Psychophysiology, 61(10), Article e14636. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14636[details]
Bouwer, F. L., Fahrenfort, J. J., Millard, S. K., Kloosterman, N. A., & Slagter, H. A. (2023). A Silent Disco: Differential Effects of Beat-based and Pattern-based Temporal Expectations on Persistent Entrainment of Low-frequency Neural Oscillations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 35(6), 990-1020. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01985[details]
Mazor, M., Brown, S., Ciaunica, A., Demertzi, A., Fahrenfort, J., Faivre, N., Francken, J. C., Lamy, D., Lenggenhager, B., Moutoussis, M., Nizzi, M.-C., Salomon, R., Soto, D., Stein, T., & Lubianiker, N. (2023). The Scientific Study of Consciousness Cannot and Should Not Be Morally Neutral. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(3), 535-543. https://doi.org/10.1177/17456916221110222[details]
Nuiten, S. A., de Gee, J. W., Zantvoord, J. B., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2023). Catecholaminergic neuromodulation and selective attention jointly shape perceptual decision-making. eLife, 12, Article RP87022. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.87022[details]
Sánchez-Fuenzalida, N., van Gaal, S., Fleming, S. M., Haaf, J. M., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2023). Predictions and rewards affect decision-making but not subjective experience. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(44), Article e2220749120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220749120[details]
Fong, C. Y., Law, W. H. C., Fahrenfort, J. J., Braithwaite, J. J., & Mazaheri, A. (2022). Attenuated alpha oscillation and hyperresponsiveness reveals impaired perceptual learning in migraineurs. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 23, Article 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-022-01410-2[details]
Fong, C., Fahrenfort, J., Mazaheri, A., Law, W. & Braithwaite, J. J. (2022). Additional file 1 of Attenuated alpha oscillation and hyperresponsiveness reveals impaired perceptual learning in migraineurs. figshare Academic Research System. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19522539.v1
Braithwaite, J. J., Fahrenfort, J., Mazaheri, A., Fong, C. & Law, W. (2022). Attenuated alpha oscillation and hyperresponsiveness reveals impaired perceptual learning in migraineurs. figshare Academic Research System. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5932458.v1
Francken, J. C., Beerendonk, L., Molenaar, D., Fahrenfort, J. J., Kiverstein, J. D., Seth, A. K., & van Gaal, S. (2022). An academic survey on theoretical foundations, common assumptions and the current state of consciousness science. Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2022, Article niac011. https://doi.org/10.1093/nc/niac011[details]
Canales-Johnson, A., Teixeira Borges, A. F., Komatsu, M., Fujii, N., Fahrenfort, J. J., Miller, K. J., & Noreika, V. (2021). Broadband Dynamics Rather than Frequency-Specific Rhythms Underlie Prediction Error in the Primate Auditory Cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 41(45), 9374-9391. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0367-21.2021[details]
Kellij, S., Fahrenfort, J., Lau, H., Peters, M. A. K., & Odegaard, B. (2021). An investigation of how relative precision of target encoding influences metacognitive performance. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 83(1), 512-524. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02190-0[details]
Nuiten, S. A., Canales-Johnson, A., Beerendonk, L., Nanuashvili, N., Fahrenfort, J. J., Bekinschtein, T., & van Gaal, S. (2021). Preserved sensory processing but hampered conflict detection when stimulus input is task-irrelevant. eLife, 10, Article e64431. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.64431[details]
Stein, T., Kaiser, D., Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2021). The human visual system differentially represents subjectively and objectively invisible stimuli. PLoS Biology, 19(5), Article e3001241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001241[details]
van Driel, J., Olivers, C. N. L., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2021). High-pass filtering artifacts in multivariate classification of neural time series data. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 352, Article 109080. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109080[details]
Canales-Johnson, A., Beerendonk, L., Blain, S., Kitaoka, S., Ezquerro-Nassar, A., Nuiten, S., Fahrenfort, J., van Gaal, S., & Bekinschtein, T. A. (2020). Decreased Alertness Reconfigures Cognitive Control Networks. The Journal of Neuroscience, 40(37), 7142-7154. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0343-20.2020[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J. (2020). Multivariate Methods to Track the Spatiotemporal Profile of Feature-Based Attentional Selection Using EEG. In S. Pollmann (Ed.), Spatial Learning and Attention Guidance (pp. 129-156). (Neuromethods; Vol. 151). Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/7657_2019_26[details]
Kloosterman, N. A., Kosciessa, J. Q., Lindenberger, U., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Garrett, D. D. (2020). Boosts in brain signal variability track liberal shifts in decision bias. eLife, 9, Article e54201. https://doi.org/10.7554/ELIFE.54201[details]
Günseli, E., Fahrenfort, J. J., van Moorselaar, D., Daoultzis, K. C., Meeter, M., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2019). EEG dynamics reveal a dissociation between storage and selective attention within working memory. Scientific Reports, 9, Article 13499. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49577-0[details]
Kloosterman, N. A., de Gee, J. W., Werkle-Bergner, M., Lindenberger, U., Garrett, D. D., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2019). Humans strategically shift decision bias by flexibly adjusting sensory evidence accumulation. eLife, 8, Article e37321. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.37321[details]
Kloosterman, N. A., Garrett, D. D., Fahrenfort, J., De Gee, J., Bergner, M. Werkle. & Lindenberger, U. (2018). Data from: Humans strategically shift decision bias by flexibly adjusting sensory evidence accumulation in visual cortex. Figshare. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6142940
Ort, E., Fahrenfort, J. J., Reeder, R., Pollmann, S., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2019). Frontal cortex differentiates between free and imposed target selection in multiple-target search. NeuroImage, 202, Article 116133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116133[details]
Ort, E., Fahrenfort, J. J., ten Cate, T., Eimer, M., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2019). Humans can efficiently look for but not select multiple visual objects. eLife, 8, Article e49130. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.49130[details]
Weaver, M. D., Fahrenfort, J. J., Belopolsky, A., & van Gaal, S. (2019). Independent Neural Activity Patterns for Sensory- and Confidence-Based Information Maintenance during Category-Selective Visual Processing. eNeuro, 6(1), Article 0268-18.2018. https://doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0268-18.2018[details]
van Driel, J., Ort, E., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2019). Beta and Theta Oscillations Differentially Support Free Versus Forced Control over Multiple-Target Search. Journal of Neuroscience, 39(9), 1733-1743. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2547-18.2018[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., van Driel, J., van Gaal, S., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2018). From ERPs to MVPA Using the Amsterdam Decoding and Modeling Toolbox (ADAM). Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12, Article 368. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00368[details]
Ort, E., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2018). Lack of free choice reveals the cost of multiple-target search within and across feature dimensions. Attention, Perception, and Psychophysics, 80(8), 1904-1917. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-018-1579-7[details]
van Loon, A. M., Olmos-Solis, K., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2018). Current and future goals are represented in opposite patterns in object-selective cortex. eLife, 7, Article e38677. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38677[details]
Bault, N., Fahrenfort, J. J., Pelloux, B., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van Winden, F. (2017). An affective social tie mechanism: Theory, evidence, and implications. Journal of Economic Psychology, 61, 152-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.04.004[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., Grubert, A., Olivers, C. N. L., & Eimer, M. (2017). Multivariate EEG analyses support high-resolution tracking of feature-based attentional selection. Scientific Reports, 7, Article 1886. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-01911-0
Fahrenfort, J. J., van Leeuwen, J., Olivers, C. N. L., & Hogendoorn, H. (2017). Perceptual integration without conscious access. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 114(14), 3744–3749. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1617268114
Grubert, A., Fahrenfort, J., Olivers, C. N. L., & Eimer, M. (2017). Rapid top-down control over template-guided attention shifts to multiple objects. NeuroImage, 146, 843-858. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.039
Ort, E., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Olivers, C. N. L. (2017). Lack of Free Choice Reveals the Cost of Having to Search for More Than One Object. Psychological Science, 28(8), 1137-1147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617705667
Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Fahrenfort, J. J., Meuwese, J. D. I., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2016). Prior knowledge about objects determines neural color representation in human visual cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 26(4), 1401-1408. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu224[details]
van Loon, A. M., Fahrenfort, J. J., van der Velde, B., Lirk, P. B., Vulink, N. C. C., Hollmann, M. W., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2016). NMDA Receptor Antagonist Ketamine Distorts Object Recognition by Reducing Feedback to Early Visual Cortex. Cerebral Cortex, 26(5), 1986-1996. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv018[details]
Bault, N., Pelloux, B., Fahrenfort, J. J., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van Winden, F. (2015). Neural dynamics of social tie formation in economic decision-making. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(6), 877-884. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu138[details]
Van Den Boomen, C., Fahrenfort, J. J., Snijders, T. M., & Kemner, C. (2015). Segmentation precedes face categorization under suboptimal conditions. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 667. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00667
2014
Meuwese, J. D. I., van Loon, A. M., Lamme, V. A. F., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2014). The subjective experience of object recognition: comparing metacognition for object detection and object categorization. Attention, Perception & Psychophysics, 76(4), 1057-1068. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-014-0643-1[details]
Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Fahrenfort, J. J., Sligte, I. G., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2014). Seeing without knowing: neural signatures of perceptual inference in the absence of report. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26(5), 955-969. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00530[details]
Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Sligte, I. G., Barrett, A. B., Seth, A. K., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2014). Accurate metacognition for visual sensory memory representations. Psychological Science, 25(4), 861-873. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613516146[details]
2012
Fahrenfort, J. J., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2012). A true science of consciousness explains phenomenology: comment on Cohen and Dennett. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 16(3), 138-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2012.01.004[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., Snijders, T. M., Heinen, K., van Gaal, S., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2012). Neuronal integration in visual cortex elevates face category tuning to conscious face perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(52), 21504-21509. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207414110[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., van Winden, F. A. A. M., Pelloux, B., Stallen, M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2012). Neural correlates of dynamically evolving interpersonal ties predict prosocial behavior. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6, Article 28. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2012.00028[details]
Vandenbroucke, A. R. E., Sligte, I. G., Fahrenfort, J. J., Ambroziak, K. B., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2012). Non-Attended Representations are Perceptual Rather than Unconscious in Nature. PLoS ONE, 7(11), Article e50042. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050042[details]
van Gaal, S., Lamme, V. A. F., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2011). Dissociable brain mechanisms underlying the conscious and unconscious control of behavior. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(1), 91-105. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21431[details]
van Gaal, S., Scholte, H. S., Lamme, V. A. F., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2011). Pre-SMA gray-matter density predicts individual differences in action selection in the face of conscious and unconscious response conflict. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(2), 382-390. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21444[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2008). The spatiotemporal profile of cortical processing leading up to visual perception. Journal of Vision, 8(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1167/8.1.12[details]
Scholte, H. S., Jolij, J., Fahrenfort, J. J., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2008). Feedforward and recurrent processing in scene segmentation: Electroencephalography and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(11), 2097-2109. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20142[details]
van Gaal, S., Ridderinkhof, K. R., Fahrenfort, J. J., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2008). Frontal cortex mediates unconsciously triggered inhibitory control. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28(32), 8053-8062. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1278-08.2008[details]
2007
Fahrenfort, J. J., Scholte, H. S., & Lamme, V. A. F. (2007). Masking disrupts reentrant processing in human visual cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 19, 1488-1497. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2007.19.9.1488[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., Johnson, P. A., Kloosterman, N., Stein, T., & van Gaal, S. (2025). Response to comment on 'Criterion placement threatens the construct validity of neural measures of consciousness'. eLife, 14, Article e107622. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.107622[details]
Fahrenfort, J. J., & van Gaal, S. (2021). Criteria for empirical theories of consciousness should focus on the explanatory power of mechanisms, not on functional equivalence. Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(2), 93-94. https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2020.1838470[details]
Olivers, C. N. L., Ort, E., van Driel, J., & Fahrenfort, J. J. (2019). Proactive and Reactive Control Over Target Selection in Visual Search. Perception, 48, 48.
2018
Fahrenfort, J. J., Grubert, A., Olivers, C. N. L., & Eimer, M. (2018). Author Correction: Multivariate EEG analyses support high-resolution tracking of feature-based attentional selection. Scientific Reports, 8, Article 11236. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29326-5
Noorman, S. G. (2025). The role of recurrent processing and NMDA receptor functioning in human conscious perception. [Thesis, fully internal, Universiteit van Amsterdam]. [details]
Bault, N. G. J., Pelloux, B., Fahrenfort, J. J., Ridderinkhof, K. R., & van Winden, F. A. A. M. (2012). Neural underpinnings of dynamic social ties formation in a public game. Universiteit van Amsterdam.
Fahrenfort, J. J., van Winden, F. A. A. M., Pelloux, B., Stallen, M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2011). The role of empathy and social ties in cooperation and sharing. Universiteit van Amsterdam.
2022
Braithwaite, J. J., Fahrenfort, J., Mazaheri, A., Fong, C. & Law, W. (2022). Attenuated alpha oscillation and hyperresponsiveness reveals impaired perceptual learning in migraineurs. figshare Academic Research System. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5932458.v1
Fong, C., Fahrenfort, J., Mazaheri, A., Law, W. & Braithwaite, J. J. (2022). Additional file 1 of Attenuated alpha oscillation and hyperresponsiveness reveals impaired perceptual learning in migraineurs. figshare Academic Research System. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.19522539.v1
2018
Kloosterman, N. A., Garrett, D. D., Fahrenfort, J., De Gee, J., Bergner, M. Werkle. & Lindenberger, U. (2018). Data from: Humans strategically shift decision bias by flexibly adjusting sensory evidence accumulation in visual cortex. Figshare. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6142940
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