Drawing on a series of experimental studies, Özbay’s research shows that art does more than evoke feelings, it may even influence “social cognition”, the mental processes we use to understand others’ thoughts, emotions, and intentions.

One of her key findings is that art may help people confront difficult or uncomfortable topics. When social issues such as violence, injustice or suffering are presented through artistic formats like paintings, individuals are more willing to engage with them compared to similar content shown as straightforward photographs. Art appears to create a psychological buffer, allowing viewers to explore challenging material with less immediate distress.

‘Art gives us distance, but also draws us in,’ Özbay says. ‘It allows people to reflect on difficult realities in a way that feels meaningful rather than overwhelming.’

Theory of Mind

Özbay also examines whether art can strengthen important social skills such as the ability to understand the thoughts and emotions of others – often referred to as ‘Theory of Mind’. Özbay’s findings suggest that habitual engagement with both visual art and narrative forms like books and films can support these skills, although the effects are often subtle and depend on how people engage with the material.

By comparing paintings, literature and film, Özbay also identifies how different types of art may influence us in distinct ways. For example, reading fiction often requires imagination and active interpretation, while film provides more immediate sensory experiences. Both forms, however, can immerse audiences in the lives of others, encouraging empathy and reflection.

Stronger, more lasting effects

Özbay also highlights how not all engagement is equal. A brief encounter with art may spark curiosity or emotional response, but deeper or repeated engagement – such as regularly reading novels or watching narrative films – may have stronger and more lasting social effects.

Despite these promising findings, Özbay emphasises that the relationship between art and social skills remains complex. ‘Previous studies have shown mixed results, so I hope my work can contribute something to the growing efforts to better understand when and how art influences social thinking,’ she says.

A new way to study art

Studying art scientifically presents a challenge: how to capture its richness while maintaining experimental rigour. Özbay addresses this by combining real artworks with carefully matched non-art images, allowing for controlled comparisons without losing real-world relevance.

This innovative approach helps isolate what makes art distinct – and why it may influence us differently from non-art content.

Why it matters

Özbay’s findings have implications beyond the arts. Understanding how art shapes social cognition could inform education, communication and public policy – particularly in contexts where empathy and social understanding are critical.

‘Art is often seen as something extra, a luxury,’ Özbay says. ‘But it may be playing a fundamental role in how we connect with others and navigate the social world.’

As societies face increasingly complex social challenges, this research points to a powerful idea: engaging with art may not only change how we feel, but also how we understand each other.