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Dr. E. (Els) de Busser PhD

Faculty of Law
Information Law
Visiting address
  • Nieuwe Achtergracht 166
  • Room number: 5.18
Postal address
  • Postbus 15514
    1001 NA Amsterdam
Contact details
  • Publications

    2025

    2024

    • Mirzaei, P., & De Busser, E. (2024). The New F-word: The case of fragmentation in Dutch cybersecurity governance. Computer Law & Security Review, 55, Article 106032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2024.106032 [details]
    • de Busser, E., Del Real, C., & van den Berg, B. (2024). Shielding software systems: A comparison of security by design and privacy by design based on a systematic literature review. Computer Law & Security Review, 52, 105933.

    2022

    • Broeders, D., de Busser, E., Cristiano, F., & Tropina, T. (2022). Revisiting past cyber operations in light of new cyber norms and interpretations of international law: inching towards lines in the sand? Journal of Cyber Policy, 7(1), 97–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/23738871.2022.2041061

    2020

    • de Busser, E. (2020). Bescherming van persoonsgegevens bij verbonden politionele databanken. Cahiers Politiestudies, 55, 65-77.

    2018

    2017

    • de Busser, E. (2017). Flagrant Denial of Data Protection - Redefining the Adequacy Requirement. In D. Svantesson D.; Kloza (Ed.), European Integration and Democracy (2017 ed., pp. 431-451). Intersentia.

    2016

    • de Busser, E. (2016). Private Companies and the Transfer of Data to Law Enforcement Authorities: Challenges for Data Protection. Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 3, 478-494.

    2015

    • de Busser, E. (2015). Increased Involvement of Private Companies in Criminal Investigations in the EU. In I. Colomer Hernandez, & S. Oubina Barbolla (Eds.), La Transmisión de Datos Personales en el Seno de la Cooperación Judicial Penal y Policial en la Unión Europea (pp. 403-418). Thomson Reuters Aranzadi.

    2014

    • de Busser, E. (2014). Automatische Nummerplaatherkenning en Gegevensbescherming. Panopticon, 3, 241-243.
    • de Busser, E. (2014). Open Source Data and Criminal Investigations: Anything You Publish Can and Will Be Used against You. Groningen Journal of International Law, 2(1), 90-114.

    2013

    • de Busser, E. (2013). Privatization of Information and the Data Protection Reform. In S. Gutwirth (Ed.), Computers, Privacy and Data Protection – Reloading Data Protection (pp. 129-149). Springer.
    • de Busser, E. (2013). Transatlantic Data Exchange in Criminal Matters: Rubberstamping a Data Protection System? Law/Technology , 46(4).

    2012

    • de Busser, E. (2012). Examples and Assumptions: Transatlantic Data Protection in Criminal Matters. Journal of Internet Law, 15(10), 3-20.

    2011

    • de Busser, E. (2011). The Adequacy of an EU-US Partnership. In S. Gutwirth (Ed.), European data protection: in good health? (pp. 185-202). Springer.

    2010

    • de Busser, E. (2010). EU data protection in transatlantic cooperation in criminal matters: Will the EU be serving its citizens an American meal? Utrecht Law Review, 6, 86-100.
    • de Busser, E., & Vermeulen, G. (2010). Towards a coherent EU policy on outgoing data transfers for use in criminal matters? The adequacy requirement and the framework decision on data protection in criminal matters. A transatlantic exercise in adequacy. In M. Cools (Ed.), EU and International Crime Control, GOFS Research Paper Series (pp. 95-122). Maklu Publishers.

    2009

    • de Busser, E. (2009). Data Protection in EU and US Criminal Cooperation, a substantive law approach to the EU internal and transatlantic cooperation in criminal matters between judicial and law enforcement authorities. Maklu Publishers.
    • de Busser, E. (2009). Purpose limitation in EU-US data exchange in criminal matters: the remains of the day. In M. Cools (Ed.), Readings on Criminal Justice Criminal Law & Policing, GOFS Research Paper Series (pp. 163-201). Maklu Publishers.
    • de Busser, E., & De Bondt, W. (2009). Ius cogens: verstrikt in ‘eigen wijsheid’? Wereldbeeld, 1, 10-15.

    2008

    • de Busser, E. (2008). A European criminal records database: an integrated model. In H. Xanthaki, & C. Stefanou (Eds.), Towards a European Criminal Record (pp. 336-353). Cambridge University Press.
    • de Busser, E. (2008). Gebruik van persoonsgegevens voor strafrechtelijke doeleinden: een spelletje Mikado. Panopticon, 105-107.

    2007

    • de Busser, E. (2007). The architecture of data exchange. Revue Internationale de Droit Pénal, 1-2, 35-56.

    2006

    • de Busser, E. (2006). Judicial cooperation in criminal matters: mutual legal assistance. In C. Rijken, & G. Vermeulen (Eds.), Joint Investigation Teams in the European Union, from theory to practice (pp. 119-158). TMC Asser Press.

    2005

    • de Busser, E. (2005). Wanneer is een verzwarende omstandigheid echt verzwarend? Noot bij Cassatie, 24 februari 2004. Nederlands tijdschrift voor strafrecht, 210-211.

    2004

    • de Busser, E. (2004). De Europese Unie: in goede én kwade dagen? Panopticon, 114-115.

    2003

    • de Busser, E. (2003). Wederzijdse rechtshulp met twee snelheden? Noot bij Cassatie, 13 maart 2002. Nederlands tijdschrift voor strafrecht, 29-30.
    • de Busser, E., & Vander Beken, T. (2003). Die Politik der Europäischen Union zur Bekämpfung von Wirtschaftskriminalität. Eine stille Revolution? Neue Kriminalpolitik, 3, 94-99.
    • de Busser, E., & Vermeulen, G. (2003). Naar een Europees strafregister? Panopticon, 108-133.

    2025

    • Berrang, S., Bellinger, J., Blank, L., de Busser, E., Cover, A., Dickinson, L., Guiora, A., Hadji, P., Hodgkinson, S., Johnson, J., Jorgensen, C., Kelly, M., Martin, C., McCloskey, A., Noone, G., Petras, S., Pettis, S., Rassi, C., Rona, G., ... Williams, P. (2025). White Paper on the Need to Strengthen International Humanitarian Law to Address the Challenges of 21st Century Warfare. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 57(1), 7-24. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol57/iss1/4/
    • De Busser, E. (2025). Human Rights in Technology -- A Need for a New Norm. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 57(1), 109-138. Article 7. https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/jil/vol57/iss1/7/ [details]

    2021

    • de Busser, E. (2021). Belgium. In M. Engelhart, & M. Arslan (Eds.), Verbrechensbekämpfung durch Nachrichtendienste - Intelligence Services and Crime control Max Planck Gesellschaft.

    2020

    2019

    • de Busser, E. (2019). Interoperabiliteit en gegevensbescherming. Web publication or website

    2018

    2017

    • de Busser, E. (2017). Adequate Transatlantic Data Exchange in the Shadow of the NSA-Affair. In R. Miller (Ed.), Privacy and Power (pp. 615-640). Cambridge University Press.
    • de Busser, E. (2017). Gegevensbescherming in Strafzaken: Nieuwe rechtsinstrumenten in een nieuwe realiteit. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Europees Recht.

    2016

    • de Busser, E. (2016). Europese gegevensuitwisseling in strafzaken anders bekeken. Nederlands Juristenblad, 16, 1099-1106.

    2015

    • de Busser, E. (2015). Confiscation and Data Protection – The Bare Necessities. In Non-Conviction-Based Confiscation in Europe: Schriftenreihe des Max-Planck-Instituts für ausländisches und internationales Strafrecht (Vol. 146, pp. 191-209). Duncker and Humblot.
    • de Busser, E. (2015). The Lisbon After-Burn Effect. ERA Forum.
    • de Busser, E., Tosza, S., Brodowski, D., Khalifa, A., & Barbosa, R. (2015). Berichte über die Verhandlungen der Sektionen des XIX. Internationalen AIDP-Kongresses 2014. (2 ed.) Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft.

    2014

    • de Busser, E. (2014). European Initiatives on Data Protection in Criminal Procedure, Special Report Section III. Revue International de Droit Pénal.
    • de Busser, E. (2014). Great Expectations from the Court of Justice – How the Judgments on Google and Data Retention Raised More Questions than they Answered. eucrim, 2, 69.

    2013

    • de Busser, E. (2013). Criminal Liability of Legal Persons on a Supranational Level. In V. Komissarov, & U. Sieber (Eds.), Criminal Responsibility of Legal Persons: Proceedings of Russian-German Criminal Law Seminar (pp. 48-58). Prospekt-Velbi.
    • de Busser, E. (2013). The Data Protection Gap – From Private Databases to Criminal Files. eucrim, 17.

    2011

    • de Busser, E. (2011). Boekrecensie in EJIL was niet lasterlijk. De Juristenkrant, 7.
    • de Busser, E. (2011). EU Internal Security and Terrorist Finance Tracking. In World Jurist Association, Work Papers 24th Biennial Congress on Law of the World

    2010

    • de Busser, E. (2010). Hof van Justitie verduidelijkt begrip ‘onherroepelijk vonnis’ bij Europees aanhoudingsbevel. De Juristenkrant, 2.
    • de Busser, E. (2010). Nieuw Swiftakkoord niet noodzakelijk beter. De Juristenkrant, 15.
    • de Busser, E. (2010). Strafvervolging wegens laster voor boekrecensie. De Juristenkrant, 10.
    • de Busser, E. (2010). Transatlantic adequacy and a certain degree of perplexity. eucrim, 1, 31-34.

    2009

    • de Busser, E., & De Bondt, W. (2009). Note to ICTR, Decision on motion for partial enforcement of sentence, Prosecutor v. Serugendo, Case no. ICTR-2005-84-I, Trial Chamber, 22 June 2006 and ICTR, Decision on Request for Early Re-lease, Prosecutor v. Rutaganira, Case no. ICTR-95-IC-T. In Annotated Leading Cases of the International Criminal Tribunals (Vol. 24, pp. 954-955). (Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals).

    2003

    • de Busser, E., Vermeulen, G., & Cruysberghs, W. (2003). Criminaliteit in de Frans – Belgische grensregio. Maklu Publishers.
    • de Busser, E., Vermeulen, G., & Cruysberghs, W. (2003). Criminalité dans la région frontalière franco-belge. Maklu Publishers.
    • de Busser, E., Vermeulen, G., Vander Beken, T., Van Den Wyngaert, C., Stessens, G., Masset, A., & Meunier, C. (2003). Een nieuwe Belgische wetgeving inzake internationale rechtshulp in strafzaken. Maklu Publishers.
    • de Busser, E., Vermeulen, G., Vander Beken, T., Van Den Wyngaert, C., Stessens, G., Masset, A., & Meunier, C. (2003). Une nouvelle législation belge d’entraide judiciare internationale en matière pénale. Maklu Publishers.

    2002

    • de Busser, E., & Vermeulen, G. (2002). Aspecten van Europees formeel strafrecht. Maklu Publishers.
    • de Busser, E., & Vermeulen, G. (2002). De ontwikkeling van een Europees strafregister. In G. Vermeulen, & E. De Busser (Eds.), Aspecten van Europees formeel strafrecht (pp. 471-495). Maklu Publishers.
    • de Busser, E., Vermeulen, G., & Dormaels, A. (2002). Blueprint for an EU Criminal Records Database - Legal, politico-institutional and practical feasibility. Maklu Publishers.

    2017

    • de Busser, E. (2017). The Conflict Between Protecting Privacy and Securing Nations. In Big Data: A Twenty-First Century Arms Race (pp. 5-16). Atlantic Council.

    2003

    • de Busser, E., & Vermeulen, G. (2003). Toenemende internationalisering van het strafrecht. In Centrum voor Beroepsvervolmaking in de Rechten (CBR) 2002-2003 (pp. 421-464). Maklu Publishers.

    Prize / grant

    • de Busser, E. (2021). PI van het Cyber Security by Integrated Design (C-SIDE project) - NWO-NWA grant van 1,4 miljoen €.
    • de Busser, E. (2021). Genomineerd voor de Leiden Universiteit Onderwijsprijs.
    • de Busser, E. (2020). NCSC (Ministerie Justitie en Veiligheid) beurs van 36.000 € voor het project Security by Design and Human Behavior Theories.
    • de Busser, E. (2016). 60.000 € grant from OLAF, European Commission for production of the eucrim journal, the European Criminal Law Associations' Forum.
    • de Busser, E. (2015). 60.000 € grant from OLAF, European Commission for production of the eucrim journal, the European Criminal Law Associations' Forum.
    • de Busser, E. (2014). Laureaat van de Siracusa Prize for Young Penalists.
    • de Busser, E. (2014). 60.000 € grant from OLAF, European Commission for production of the eucrim journal, the European Criminal Law Associations' Forum.
    • de Busser, E. (2013). 60.000 € grant from OLAF, European Commission for production of the eucrim journal, the European Criminal Law Associations' Forum.
    • de Busser, E. (2011). 60.000 € grant from OLAF, European Commission for production of the eucrim journal, the European Criminal Law Associations' Forum.
    • de Busser, E. (2010). 60.000 € grant from OLAF, European Commission for production of the eucrim journal, the European Criminal Law Associations' Forum.
    • de Busser, E. (2009). 60.000 € grant from OLAF, European Commission for production of the eucrim journal, the European Criminal Law Associations' Forum.

    Membership / relevant position

    • de Busser, E. (2024-2028). Member of the Board of Directors, Siracusa International Institute for Criminal Justice and Human Rights. https://www.siracusainstitute.org/the-institute/
    • de Busser, E. (2024-2030). Associate fellow Rule of Law Responses to Terrorism, International Centre for Counter-Terrorism - The Hague (ICCT).
    • de Busser, E. (2023-2030). Expert AI and the Rule of Law, UNESCO Digital Policies and Digital Transformation Section. https://www.unesco.org/en/artificial-intelligence/rule-law/network-experts?hub=32618
    • de Busser, E. (2017-2019). Deputy Secretary-General of the International Association of Penal Law, Association Internationale de Droit Pénal (AIDP - IAPL).
    • de Busser, E. (2016-2030). Member since 2016, member of the sub committee privacy & non-discrimination, Commissie Meijers [Meijers Committee]. https://www.commissie-meijers.nl/nl/
    • de Busser, E. (2010-2017). Secretary of the Scientific Committee of AIDP, Association Internationale de Droit Pénal (AIDP - IAPL).

    Media appearance

    Talk / presentation

    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (12-1-2026). Lecture for visiting CIEE students on Cyber Security, Data Protection and AI, Council on International Educational Exchange.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (27-8-2025). Lecture "AI and (counter)terrorism" at Asser's Summer Course Counterterrorism, Asser Institute.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (7-7-2025). Conference Ethics of Cyber Security and AI, Leiden University, Leiden Institute for Advanced Computer Studies.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (12-6-2025). Conference Digital Sovereignty in Criminal Justice, Digital Sovereignty, Bayonne.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (11-6-2025). Conferentie panel Cyberdreigingen en succesfactoren in detectie, Crisisplan.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (5-6-2025). Pre-NATO summit - conference | panel cyber resilience, The Hague University of Applied Sciences.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (21-11-2024). Paper presentation - Justice by design, Virtual Routes (previously ECCRI).
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (2-10-2024). Research presentation of the C-SIDE project (NWO grant), ONE conference - we are all connected, Den Haag.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (1-10-2024). NWO panel gesprek over wetenschappelijk onderzoek in cyber security, ONE conference - we are all connected, Den Haag.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (1-10-2024). Panel organised by the UN Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) on "Navigating AI security risks in law enforcement", ONE conference - we are all connected, Den Haag.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (27-9-2024). Is there a need for a Geneva Convention on Cyber Warfare?, Cox Center Conference - 75 Years of the Geneva Conventions, Cleveland.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (10-2-2024). Expert meeting on data and national security, UK Department of Science, Innovation and Technology.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (2024). Training in AI and Human Rights to judges and prosecutors of several member states, European Judicial Training Network (EJTN).
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (2022). Training in AI and Human Rights to the judges of all criminal courts of Qatar, UNESCO Digital Policies and Digital Transformation Section.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (2021). Data Protection training for the Supreme Court of Georgia, Council of Europe.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (2021). Training in cyber security en vitale infrastructuren, Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (17-1-2013). Expertenmeeting gegevensbescherming (op basis van het AVG ontwerp), Tweede Kamer, Commissie Veiligheid en Justitie.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (26-10-2012). Expertenmeeting gegevensbescherming (op basis van ontwerp AVG), Bundestag, Commissie Binnenlandse Zaken.
    • de Busser, E. (speaker) (12-10-2012). Expert speaker for the Interparliamentary Committee Meeting - data protection negotiations, Europees Parlement.

    Others

    • de Busser, E. (participant) (26-9-2024). Cleveland Experts Meeting - The Need to Strengthen International Humanitarian Law to Address the Challenges of 21st Century Warfare, Cleveland (participating in a conference, workshop, ...).
    • de Busser, E. (participant) (12-3-2024 - 13-3-2024). Fundamental Rights Agency expert meeting on digitalisation and justice, Vienna (participating in a conference, workshop, ...).
    • de Busser, E. (participant) (2023). Reviewer for the UNESCO Global Toolkit on AI and the Rule of Law for the Judiciary (other).

    2023

    2021

    • van Steen, T., & de Busser, E. (2021). Security by behavioural design: A Rapid Review.

    2020

    • Broeders, D., Pawlak, P., & de Busser, E. (2020). Three tales of attribution in cyberspace: criminal law, international law and policy debates.

    2017

    This list of publications is extracted from the UvA-Current Research Information System. Questions? Ask the library or the Pure staff of your faculty / institute. Log in to Pure to edit your publications. Log in to Personal Page Publication Selection tool to manage the visibility of your publications on this list.
  • Ancillary activities
    • Int. Centre for Counter Terrorism (ICCT)
      Associate Fellow Rule of Law Responses to Terrorism
    • Meijers Commissie
      onafhankelijke commissie van experten ovv vluchtelingen, migratie- en strafrecht
    • Siracusa International Institute
      Lid van de Board of Directors van het Siracusa International Institute
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